Preventing teenager from turning off "Find My" within the family

Correct. Nearly all companies will allow 13-year-olds providence over their online lives per the Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule. You can enable family sharing which will give you more control.

You can ask them.

Require it as part of using the phone.

Or, go old school and know that even if it's not on, they still have a phone (just in case); unlike most of us growing up.

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Apple defines a minor using local laws. In the US someone under 18 is a minor. Someone over 18 is not. For someone under 18 in a Family Sharing plan you can prevent turning off Location Services, and if you have an Apple ID on the phone that the minor does not know the password for they cannot turn off Find My.

This won’t stop them from turning off the phone, enabling Airplane Mode, using a Faraday shielded bag, wrapping the phone in aluminum foil or removing the SIM.

While technology can assist parenting, it isn’t a replacement for parental authority. You need to explain consequences to not being able to be tracked, whether it is loss of the smartphone and replacing it with a dumb phone, or others that parents have used for millennia. Back before cell phones in my household our children were required to tell us where they were going, and if it was to a friend’s house, to call us when they got there and when they left.

Do I think this addition would be valuable? Well, yes, but probably not in the way you intend, or would want. I do think this approach is very valuable for teaching younger people much more about the technical limits and trust limits of their parents.

Put differently, these efforts will teach more about parents and educators than they might realize, intend, or even want.

In practice? Will this help? No.

If you don’t earn the trust that’s necessary here and if the young person is inclined, then the iPhone might be shut off (whoops), or handed off to another (how’d that happen?), or will be left behind (I’m sooooo forgetful), or out of communications (you can bet the metal drawer was first tested for its cellular signal shielding effects), or the battery somehow won’t be charged (the charger just fell out of the wall socket).