Even if you’ve disabled all the visible Software Update toggles under System Settings > General > Software Update, macOS still has several underlying mechanisms designed to inform you of critical or recommended updates, especially when it comes to security or system stability. Apple considers some of these updates essential and bypasses user preferences for the sake of system integrity and ecosystem-wide security.
This includes background system services like "com.apple.softwareupdate.notifications", and Apple Security & Privacy Updates which are pushed quietly but can still trigger prompts if deferred too long. Also, even though you may have disabled automatic downloads or installations, macOS might still check periodically and then notify you when an update is available, especially if the Mac is enrolled in a beta program or has delayed updates pending.