Can I use icloud to backup my Macbook?
What is the process to carrying this out? I want to make sure when I purchase a new device, I have everything.
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If you want to backup everything you will want to use Time Machine (or 3rd party backup software such as Carbon Copy Cloner) and an external drive. See: Back up your Mac with Time Machine - Apple Support
Apple offers iCloud Backup for iPhones and iPads but not for Mac computers.
It is possible to sync data from a Mac to iCloud if you turn on those options (e.g., iCloud Photos, iCloud Drive including the Desktop & Documents option). Syncing has some of the benefits of a backup (and the benefit of being offsite) but is not the same as a backup. Major differences include the fact that not everything on your Mac can be synced and the fact that if you delete something, accidentally or otherwise, there is only a limited time period (30 days in most cases) during which it can be recovered.
Also see: https://support.apple.com/mac-backup
And more information on syncing in:
Set up and use iCloud Photos - Apple Support
and
Access and manage files in your iCloud Drive - Apple Support