Can you check the location of where your Apple ID has been logged in?

Not unless somebody intentionally shares the location, though sometimes if somebody logs in and Apple is under the impression this is a new device it will provide a location. It won't be exact though, just something like a city. See the section titled, "What if I don’t recognize the location shown in my sign in notification?" by clicking on the link for this support article 'Two-factor authentication for Apple ID' --> https://support.apple.com/HT204915