I also have this issue on iPhone 14 Pro Max.
After automatic iOS update to 18.2 my cellular data stopped working.
Apple support diagnostic app suggested to upgrade to 18.3, which was impossible without Macbook connection, because the update stucked on "Verifiying update" stage. So, I updated iOS to 18.3 via Macbook, but the problem was not gone.
In a reddit thread I have found an information, that the issue is related to an old eSim version, and can be resolved by my cellular carrier.
I have contacted them and asked to reinstall my eSim. The problem was not gone.
I have tried to remove all eSims via iPhone configs, also did not help.
Apple support application is suggesting now to visit a repair store because of a "hardware issue".
Which is totally unfair, since my iPhone is bricked by the iOS update.