Why doesn't Image Capture recognize my camera on Mac?

The SD card must use a proper DCIM folder structure for this to work automatically (some devices do not do this). But if it has worked in the past this might not apply to your problem.

Personally I have never had problems with Image Capture but some people have. Below is a list of some voodoo you might try fix the failure in importing images from an iPhone or camera via USB:

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Make sure that your computer has the latest possible version of macOS (or the latest version of iTunes in Mojave and earlier). Sometimes macOS will prompt for a minor related update needed for mobile device connections so let it do it.

Restart (or power OFF for 2 minutes) both Mac and iPhone (maybe also force close all iPhone apps before doing so).

Clean the iPhone Lightning/USB-C port from pocket lint.

Change cables and/or cable adapters to a known-good brand like Apple.

Reset Image Capture preferences. Move them to the Desktop (just in case), reboot, and try again:

~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.Image_Capture.plist

~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.imagecapture.plist

-> Put the iPhone in Airplane mode before plugging in the USB cable (maybe also turn off Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Hotspot).

Uninstall VPN.

-> Reset iPhone's Network settings.

Import with /Application/Image Capture.app instead straight to Photos.app. If that does not work, plug in the iPhone, open Image Capture, click the three dots in the top right, and select "No application" when connecting this iPhone, close Image Capture, unplug and re-plug iPhone, and launch Image Capture.

Change your settings for trusted computers. Settings > General > Transfer or Reset [Device] > Reset > Reset Location & Privacy.

About the 'Trust This Computer' alert message on your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch - Apple Support

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Un-plug the USB cable from the Mac (while the iPhone is connected to the Lightning cable end) and re-insert the USB end into the Mac.

Keep the phone plugged to USB and reboot the Mac.

If using an USB-C to USB-A adapter connect the adaptor first and then connect the iPhone.

Connect to the Mac's USB-A inputs, not Thunderbolt USB-C inputs.

Turn off iCloud Photos in iPhone settings.

[...]

Remove all 3rd party virus apps (Avast, AVG, Bitdefender, Intego, MacAfee, Norton, Kaspersky, ESET NOD32, Trusteer, PC Matic etc) and 3rd party "cleaning", "optimizing", "speed-up" apps (CleanMyMac, Cleaner One, MacKeeper etc). They produce obscure errors like this and are not needed (MalwareBytes and AppCleaner are exceptions but should be used manually and cautiously).

Protecting against malware in macOS - Apple Support

If all else fails, use AirDrop instead USB.

In addition to dialabrain's question:

Have you been able to use Image Capture with this camera before? If so, what have you changed (camera settings, computer, system, cable) since it last worked?

It would help to know what camera you have.