Sounds to me like your container for Dictionary is damaged. Try the following as this will take seconds.
1: Quit Dictionary (Command Q or File menu > Quit Dictionary).
2: From the Finder, hold down the Option key on your Keyboard and select the Go menu.
3: When the Option key is down, you should see the hidden option of Library.
4: Select Library from the Go menu and release the Option key.
5: Double-click the Containers folder.
6: Find the Container titled "Dictionary" and move it to your Trash.
7: Open Dictionary and confirm that your UI has repaired and all dictionaries are available.
Additional Details
The Container for Dictionary contains the preference file, com.apple.Dictionary.plist (~/Library/Containers/com.apple.Dictionary/Data/Library/Preferences/com.apple.Dictionary.plist). This file contains two arrays, "last available dictionaries" and "dictionaries." The array "last available dictionaries" is the list of dictionaries you see in the Settings view. The array "dictionaries" is the list of tabs on the Dictionary main window (Dictionary, Thesaurus, Apple, Wikipedia). Modifying that plist will impact the behavior of the app. I speculate that either the file was edited or was damaged in some way. Deleting the container and launching the app will recreate a new, default container. The dictionaries are stored in /System/Library/AssetsV2/com_apple_MobileAsset_DictionaryServices_dictionary3macOS/ and each time you check one, it will download to that location.
Hope this is helpful. Delete the Dictionary container and you should be fine.
Hope this is helpful.