How can I get the verification code after step 6 if I do not have access to my previous device? It should not be this difficult to gain access to set up a phone that I have purchased. For some unknown reason it does not send an email with the code

See Get a verification code and sign in with two-factor authentication https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204974  Below is an excerpt, but read the whole document. See the bold italics below.

Whenever you sign in with your Apple ID on a new device or browser, you'll confirm your identity with your password plus a six-digit verification code. There are a few ways you can get a verification code. You can use the code displayed on your trusted device, get a text or phone call, or generate a code from your trusted device [see the additional information in the article]. 

A trusted device is an iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch with iOS 9 and later or a Mac with OS X El Capitan and later that you've already signed into using two-factor authentication.

If you can’t sign in, reset your password, or receive verification codes, you can request account recovery to regain access to your account. This link takes you to:

Recover your Apple ID when you can’t reset your password  https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204921which you may need to use.

“Account recovery might take a few days or longer, depending on the specific account information you can provide to verify your identity. After you request account recovery, you'll get an email with a confirmation of your request and the date and time of when you can expect to regain access. … When the wait period is over, Apple sends you a text or automated phone call with instructions to regain access to your account.” Read the whole document carefully. 

I am not sure what is happening, but maybe it is time for you to contact Apple Support. Here are some options:

Apple ID Support https://support.apple.com/apple-id

Apple Support Twitter  https://twitter.com/AppleSupport There may be a wait.

Apple ID account security for country-specific andregion-specific help https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204169

Get Support: We’re here to help https://getsupport.apple.com/. Go through the options to find the best support option.

Apple ID uses on-device encryption to generate a key for you to use when signing onto a new device as part of the two-factor authentication process.

If you have any other Apple devices (iPhone, iPad, etc.), go into settings, select your Apple ID > Password & Security > Get Verification Code.

If you don't have a device that you've previously signed on-to, and you still have access to your email account, check the recycle bin or All Mail, Apple's domain may have been blocked.

See if you can generate another code using the steps posted above.