Can you have 2 phones with same Apple ID?

Apple doesn't provide an easy way for sharing contacts between accounts. We do it at home using Airdrop (How to use AirDrop on your iPhone or iPad - Apple Support), but that can be laborious if you have many contacts. You can also do it by exporting contacts to a standard file format and then importing (Import or export a vCard in Contacts on iCloud.com - Apple Support), but again laborious. The easy way is to use the same account on both devices, but you would then have to disable iCloud syncing with the things you do not wish to share --> Change which apps sync and store data with iCloud - Apple Support. So you would have to disable iCloud syncing of Photos. However, that means you then have to sync manually to a computer if you want to have those photos on anything other than that particular phone.

Email is relatively easy if you use separate email addresses for work and home and these are third party addresses. Just set up the email addresses that you want ot use on each device.

One AppleID means one and the same Apple service account. So no, there is no way to use a single AppleID on separate devices and keep device data separate, as both devices are logging in to the same Apple online account.