If I wipe my MacBook, will the documents and photos previously stored locally on it (and uploaded to iCloud) still remain available to my iPhone and iPad via iCloud

You really don’t get it, do you? iCloud is not one thing, it is many things:

• iCloud Drive is a syncing service
• iCloud Backup is a TRUE (not “sort of”) backup service, that has nothing in common with iCloud drive except the name
• iCloud Private Relay is a masking service when visiting websites
• iCloud Hide My eMail is a service that creates different email addresses for each site where you enter an email address
• iCloud Custom eMail Domain lets you send and receive email using a registered domain.

Here is a detailed explanation of the difference between iCloud Sync and iCloud Backup:

iCloud+ has 2 independent functions. iCloud backups, and iCloud sync. It’s confusing because they both have the same name prefix. But they have no connection with each other. Go to Settings/[your name]/iCloud. You will see a bunch of switches (with iOS 16 or later also tap Show All). When you turn on a switch that data type will sync to iCloud. If you do this on multiple devices that share an Apple ID the selected data will sync to all of those devices. 

You can also turn on iCloud Backups. This will back up your phone every night if the phone is plugged in, connected to Wi-Fi and locked.

But note that these are independent functions; anything that you sync by the first method will be excluded from the iCloud backups.

If you follow the procedure below, wiping your Mac will have no effect on your iCloud data:

What to do before you sell, give away, trade in, or recycle your Mac - Apple Support

Everything you have stored in iCloud will be available to your iPad if you're signing in with the same Apple ID.

Also, please ignore the post immediately before mine. It's wrong. iCloud most definitely IS a "backup solution" for iPads.

How to back up your iPhone or iPad with iCloud - Apple Support

IdrisSeabright wrote: ... Also, please ignore the post immediately before mine. It's wrong. iCloud most definitely IS a "backup solution" for iPads.

Right! iCloud backup for iPads and iPhones is separate from iCloud Drive and iCloud Photos.

AlWeir wrote:

icloud is a synchronization service, not a backup solution. Backup locally.

WRONG again!

AlWeir wrote:

iCloud Drive syncing is a sort of a backup but it more of a synchronization service between device.

Do you have an iPhone or iPad? Or only a Mac? If you've only ever used a Mac, that could explain your confusion.

But you are wrong. People here are trying to help you understand why you are wrong and have provided detailed explanations and links to Apple Support documents. Accept the gift of being able to learn something new.

AlWeir wrote:

No, not wrong again. You are wrong in presuming that I am wrong.

Why does Apple have specific instructions for iCloud Backup if it isn’t a backup service?

icloud is a synchronization service, not a backup solution. Backup locally.

No, not wrong again. You are wrong in presuming that I am wrong.

AlWeir wrote:

No, not wrong again. You are wrong in presuming that I am wrong.

iCloud is BOTH a syncing service AND a Backup Service. Why do you keep insisting it is syncing only?

iCloud Drive syncing is a sort of a backup but it more of a synchronization service between device.