By clicking on a phishing link

just clicking the link without going to a site and putting your info in (for macOS and iOS) , or downloading and installing something that asks you to provide your admin/pass (for macOS) to install you should be fine. As far as the iPhone itself getting compromised just by visiting a site you should know apple does not provide the tools for developers to compromise the phone. Don't jailbreak your phone, keep it updated from Apple, be aware of who your share information with, those are your best polices.

If the page failed to load, that's not a problem. If it did, any sensitive information you put into it, even if you didn't submit any forms, should be considered as compromised.

(201176)